The Nazguls Came Again and as Their Dark Lord Now Grew and Put Forth His Strength So Their Voices

Nazgûl

"Who told y'all, and who sent you?" — Gandalf
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Nazgûl
Race
"Nazgûl" past Nick Deligaris
Full general Data
Other names	Ringwraiths, the Black Riders, the Nine, Úlairi (Q)
Origins	Men who received the Nine Rings; corrupted by Sauron
Locations	Mordor, Angmar, Dol Guldur, Minas Morgul
Affiliation	Sauron
Languages	Black Speech, Westron
Members	Witch-rex, Khamûl
Concrete Description
Lifespan	Indefinite
Distinctions	Without physical grade
Average peak	Man-loftier
Clothing	Blackness robes
Weaponry	Morgul-pocketknife
Gallery	Images of Nazgûl

" 'They come from Mordor,' said Strider in a low vox. 'From Mordor, Barliman, if that ways anything to you lot.' "

― The Fellowship of the Band, "Strider"

The Nazgûl (Black Spoken language: Ringwraiths, sometimes written Ring-wraiths ), too known as the Ix Riders or Black Riders (or simply the 9), were Sauron'south "nearly terrible servants" in Middle-earth.

Contents

• 1 History
  • 1.ane Third Age
• 2 State of war of the Band
• three Powers and abilities
• four Identities
• 5 Etymology
• 6 Other names and titles
• 7 Other versions of the legendarium
• 8 Portrayal in adaptations
  • viii.1 Films
  • 8.2 Television
  • 8.three Radio series
  • 8.4 Games
• 9 See also
• ten External links
• 11 Notes
• 12 References

[edit] History

Old during the 2nd Age (after year S.A. 1697^{[note 1]}) Sauron gave nine Rings of Power to powerful mortal Men. Information technology is said that three of the Ix were lords of Númenor corrupted by Sauron,^[ane] and one was a rex among the Easterlings.^[ii]

For many years the bearers used the rings to gain great wealth, prestige and power, condign "mighty in their day, kings, sorcerers, and warriors of one-time". The result of the rings caused their lives to be prolonged, and to see things of the Unseen. Merely over time their actual forms faded until they became wraiths entirely, slaves nether the domination of Sauron's 1 Band.^[3]

Known as the Nazgûl, they first appeared around S.A. 2251^[4] and were soon established every bit Sauron's principal servants. Nevertheless the circumstances of this appearance are not recorded, nor their actions during the Dark Years, or during Sauron'south capture to Númenor.

Their actions during the War of the Last Alliance are also unknown, but when Sauron was overthrown in S.A. 3441 at the hands of the Terminal Alliance of Elves and Men, the wraiths faded into the shadows.^[4]

[edit] 3rd Age

Withal effectually 1050 of the Third Age Sauron returned in the course of a shadow in Greenwood the Slap-up, triggering also the return of his servants. About 50 years later the Wise of that Age discovered the shadow of Dol Guldur and theorized that it was one of the Nazgûl.^[5]

Only information technology was around T.A. 1300 when evil things, like the Orcs of the Misty Mountains, multiplied once more, and the Nazgûl definitely reappeared; it was then when Lord of the Nazgûl gathered evil Men and founded the Witch-kingdom of Angmar. From in that location he led Sauron'southward forces against the mannish kingdom of Arnor in T.A. 1409.^[v]

Meanwhile Gondor was weakened by the Great Plague and War, and it was believed that Sauron'southward programme was to open the style to Mordor; indeed as the watch on Mordor stopped and Gondor's borders withdrew, information technology is believed that the Nazgûl freely re-entered Mordor around T.A. 1856 or later.^[vi]

The Witch-male monarch was eventually defeated in battle in T.A. 1975 and onetime afterwards returned to Mordor, gathering the other Nazgûl in preparation for the return of Sauron to that realm.^{[five] [half-dozen]}

In T.A. 2000, they issued by Cirith Ungol and captured Minas Ithil after a 2-yr siege. The city thereafter became the stronghold of the Nazgûl, from where they directed the rebuilding of Sauron'due south armies, also acquiring a palantír for the Dark Lord.^[v]

During the Watchful Peace, when Sauron hid from the power of the White Council, the Nazgûl also remained hidden in Morgul Vale, assuasive some peaceful time for the offset Ruling Stewards of Gondor.^[7]

Merely after his defeat in Dol Guldur, Sauron returned to Mordor in T.A. 2942 and declared himself openly in T.A. 2951. Three of the Nazgûl were sent to his fortress at Dol Guldur to garrison that outpost.^[5]

In T.A. 3017 Sauron commanded the Ringwraiths to recover the I Band of Power from "Baggins of the Shire". Disguised as horse riders clad in black (hence the term Black Riders), they sought out Bilbo Baggins who, as Gollum had revealed, had the One Ring in his possession.

The Dwarves of Erebor spoke of a rider who had come to offer Sauron's friendship and ask about Hobbits. Equally a token of their friendship he asked for a "trifle", a ring, "the least of rings", that the thief had stolen.^{[8] [note 2]}

[edit] State of war of the Ring

Sauron decided to assail Gondor straight. In assail on Osgiliath he permit the Nazgûl lead, causing terror with the Black Shadow among the Gondorians^{[8] [9]} and making them think that they are the vanguard of Sauron's war machine forcefulness. However this was a feigned motion of Sauron, who intended them to send them invisible to await for the Band.^[10]

The Nazgûl were given black horses (stolen from Rohan) for transportation and set off to observe "the Shire", on their way learning from a Squint-eyed Southerner that Saruman wasn't a true ally of Sauron. Failed to find it, they return to the Wold empty-handed; messengers from Sauron send them to Isengard. There they encountered Gríma Wormtongue, who told them of the location of the Shire, simply giving him a threatening message to Saruman.^[10]

Crossing the Fords of Isen they reached Sarn Ford at evening and drove off the baby-sit of Rangers of the North and v pursued the Rangers eastward, then returned to guard the Greenway. The other four entered the Shire before the dawn of 23 September; at nightfall Khamûl came to Hobbiton and interrogated Hamfast Gamgee request for "Baggins", non knowing that Frodo Baggins, the Ring-bearer, had left the Shire that day.^[9]

On 24 September a Passenger approached Frodo and his companions near the Woody Stop, when a Wandering Visitor of Elves approached form Emyn Beraid, chanting the proper noun of "Elbereth", and fled abroad.^[11] The adjacent day a Rider came to Bamfurlong approached Farmer Maggot asking well-nigh Baggins. The farmer directed him to in Hobbiton. The Rider said that the individual had left Hobbiton promised him gilded if he informed him the adjacent fourth dimension he came. The farmer felt chill and was enraged past his trespassing and threatened him with his dogs, which, still, yelped and ran. The Passenger was infuriated past his disobedience, hissed and rode away.^[12]

On 26 September two Riders came to the Prancing Pony at Bree and asked Nob for "Baggins", making the dogs and geese noisy. Nob, terrified, slammed the door on them, and the Riders connected all the way to Archet.^[thirteen]

Some days later, the hobbits arrived at Bree and Bill Ferny with the Southerner gave information about how one of the hobbits mysteriously "disappeared", only one of them spotted this run into presence, and notified the others.^[thirteen]

In the early on hours of 30 September, Riders raided Crickhollow while others silently sneaked into the Prancing Pony and raided the room of the hobbits, but Aragorn had took them to his room. Aragorn led the hobbits away that 24-hour interval.^[14]

They pursued Gandalf from Bree and attacked him at night on Weathertop who dedicated himself with his magic.^[9] Iv Riders followed Gandalf as he escaped to the due north.^[8] The others attacked once more Aragorn and the hobbits while camping ground nether Weathertop, and the Witch-king wounded Frodo Baggins with Morgul-wound.^{[9] [14]}

On eleven Oct T.A. 3018^[9] three Riders were guarding the Final Bridge of Mitheithel expecting Aragorn and the hobbits on their journey to Rivendell. Their plan was foiled by Glorfindel, who drove them away.^{[nine] [15]} Ii days later, some of them pursued Frodo across the Ford of Bruinen.^[9] Elrond and Gandalf released a flood and the waters of Bruinen swept away and drowned the horses of the Riders.^[viii]

The Ringwraiths were forced to render to Mordor to regroup. They reappeared afterward mounted on flying creatures, at which point they were referred to as Winged Nazgûl.

Past the conclusion of the War of the Ring, all of the Nine Nazgûl were destroyed. The Lord of the Nazgûl himself was slain by Éowyn, the niece of King Théoden (with help from Merry, known as "The Magnificent" thereafter) during the Battle of the Pelennor Fields. The remaining 8 Ringwraiths attacked the Regular army of the West during the concluding battle at the Blackness Gate. However, when Frodo Baggins put on the ring in the fires of Mountain Doom, Sauron ordered the eight remaining Nazgûl to fly with all possible speed to Mount Doom to intercept Frodo. They arrived too late, with the Ring falling into the fire along with the hapless Gollum. The Nazgûl were defenseless in the firestorm of the erupting mount and were destroyed.

[edit] Powers and abilities

"The Nazgûl were they, the Ringwraiths, the Enemy'due south well-nigh terrible servants; darkness went with them, and they cried with the voices of death."

― "Of the Rings of Power and the Tertiary Age"

Given form just through the attire of black cloaks and hauberks of silver mail, their original form was completely gone and invisible to mortal eyes. Their hypnotic eyes could exist plainly distinguished from their dark clothing, and in a rage they appeared in a hellish burn down. Mortal men could not touch them (unless blest by weapons or tools of the ancient Elves of the First Historic period or by the Dúnedain, such as the barrow-blade used by Merry on the Witch-male monarch of Angmar). The Ringwraiths had many weapons, which included long swords of steel and flame, daggers with venomous properties, poisonous darts and blackness maces of great strength.

Their arsenal of mortiferous armaments was not confined to physical means; they as well had seemingly magical weapons of devastating power. They were surrounded past an aura of terror, which afflicted all living creatures; their "breath" (chosen the Black Jiff) was poisonous, and their cries acquired terror and despair in all who heard them. Some of the Nazgûl appear to have been achieved sorcerers and used magic to devastating effect. According to Tolkien, though, it was the fear they inspired that was the primary danger:

They have no great physical power against the fearless," he wrote, "just what they have, and the fear that they inspire, is enormously increased in darkness
—Letter of the alphabet 210

The Nazgûl existed by and large in the wraith globe (the Unseen), making them extremely difficult to harm. Ordinary weapons would non hurt them, and even weapons of Númenórean manufacture would exist destroyed if they passed through the wraith forms of the Nazgûl. They could not, however, collaborate normally with the material world (the Seen): they needed garments and weapons provided by Sauron to give them form. Consequently, they could be defeated by attacks that destroyed their disguises, forcing them to return to Sauron to receive new ones.

The Nazgûl spread terror in mortal creatures only by their presence. Only specially trained horses or the brutal beasts of Mordor could carry them. They caused panic and despair in their enemies only by flying overhead, and only individuals of great courage could face them in combat.

They were likewise poisonous to mortal beings, causing a status known as the Blackness Breath. Merely being in the vicinity of one of them could cause disorientation and illness. Intense exposure could exist lethal.

The Nazgûl had poor vision in the fabric world, but they were acutely aware of the beings with a presence in the wraith world, like the wearer of the I Band and certain Elves, such as Glorfindel. Anyone who could see into the wraith world could come across the Nazgûl equally they had appeared in their mortal lives.

The Witch-king could likewise affect matter with his vocalism, shattering the dagger that Frodo had gotten in the Barrow-downs and weakening the gates of Minas Tirith. Whether other Nazgûl could perform similar feats is unknown.

[edit] Identities

Just a few of the Nazgûl are named or identified individually. Their leader was the Witch-rex of Angmar, and his second in command was named Khamûl. Khamûl was a lord of Easterlings,^[2] and was the but Nazgûl known by his proper noun. Three of them were Númenóreans.^[1]

[edit] Etymology

Nazgûl means "ringwraiths" in the Blackness Speech (consisting of nazg + gûl).^[16]

[edit] Other names and titles

Among their many names and titles were: the Ringwraiths,^[17] the Black Riders, the Barbarous Riders, the Nine Riders, the Nine,^[17] the 9 Servants of the Lord of the Rings, the Black Wings, Winged Messenger(s), the Shadows, and the Shriekers.

An Elvish proper noun given for the Ringwraiths is Úlairi .^{[3] [18]} Linguists have remarked that it is a Quenya plural name of unknown meaning and etymology.^{[19] [twenty]} Michael Martinez, analysing the word, has tentatively suggested that:

Úlairi is a compound formed from Ú + lai + ri with likely meaning of "un (bad or immoral)" + "shadow" + "ones". In other words, the proper noun may mean something similar "those who are in/of unnatural shadow".^[21]

[edit] Other versions of the legendarium

The first appearance of a Black Rider in Tolkien's drafts was actually a disguised Gandalf who scared the Hobbits on their fashion to Rivendell, before revealing himself.^[22]

[edit] Portrayal in adaptations

[edit] Films

1978: The Lord of the Rings (1978 film):

The Nine are clad in brown and black, and have red optics. The attack on The Prancing Pony is their deed, not that of any accomplices. After the set on, they cast off their hoods, revealing the black armour and hideous masks they wear beneath their cloaks.

1980: The Return of the King (1980 flick)

The Ix are skull headed demons, who ride winged horses. The Witch-king himself rides a dragon-like fauna, and has no face. Only a suspended crown and two red optics can exist seen. The Nazgûl accept the Red Center of Barad-dûr rather than the keepsake of Minas Morgul.

2001-03: The Lord of the Rings (picture show series):

The Nazgûl serve as the master antagonists in the first half of the first film. Their dialogue is inverse; the chat with Gaffer Gamgee is omitted, and the conversation with Farmer Maggot is reduced. In the Unseen, they are pale white ghostly creatures.

Later the expiry of the Witch-rex in the third film, the other viii are taken out by Eagles and debris from Mount Doom, withal, nothing is told of their private fates.

2012-14: The Hobbit (pic series) :

The Witch-king and the other Ringwraiths were buried in a dungeon in the High Fells of Rhudaur subsequently the autumn of Angmar. The Witch-king initially appears in Dol Guldur, where he briefly fights Radagast with his Morgul-bract; he drops it and Radagast takes it, ultimately bringing it to Gandalf, who then shows to the White Quango in Rivendell. Later, Gandalf, post-obit Galadriel'southward communication, visits the Loftier Fells and discovers that the Nazgûl's cells were empty, broken open from the inside. Through this investigation, he is convinced that the Necromancer in Dol Guldur is indeed Sauron.

During the Attack on Dol Guldur they appeared in armour, ghostly versions of their mortal forms. The 9 do boxing with Galadriel, Saruman, and Elrond. During the confrontation between Galadriel and Sauron, their living forms seem to stage in and out of reality as holograms. Eventually they are driven to Mordor, with their master post-obit suit.

[edit] Television

1993: Hobitit:

The Nine are featured in this accommodation through CGI as a passing shadow with their winged steed.They practice non speak at all.

[edit] Radio series

1981: The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio serial):

The office of the Ringwraiths was expanded with material from The Hunt for the Band.

[edit] Games

1979: State of war of the Band (board game):

The Nazgûl are present in this game. The Witch-king is the nigh powerful character available to the Sauron player. The 2nd well-nigh powerful is identified as Gothmog.

1982-97: Eye-globe Function Playing:

The proper name of the eight, other than Khamûl, are given as Er-Mûrazôr (the Witch-king, of Númenórean race), Dendra Dwar of Waw, Jí Indûr Dawndeath, Akhôrahil (Númenórean), Hôarmûrath of Dír, Adûnaphel (female Númenórean), Ren the Unclean and Ûvatha Achef the Horseman.^{[23] [24]}

1995: Middle-earth Collectible Card Game:

The Nazgûl appear equally hazard cards within Eye-earth: The Wizards. Their names are identical to those used in Middle-Earth Role Playing, except for the Witch-king, who is referred to only as the Witch-king of Angmar.

1988: J.R.R. Tolkien's War in Heart Earth:

The Nazgûl are portrayed as black figures with red eyes and purple drape.

2001-: The Lord of the Rings Strategy Boxing Game:

All the Nazgûl are named - The Witch-king of Angmar, The Nighttime Marshal, Khamûl The Easterling, The Betrayer, The Shadow Lord, The Undying, The Dwimmerlaik, The Tainted and The Knight of Umbar. Versions based on their depiction in The Hobbit trilogy retain the Witch-king and Khamûl; however, the remaining seven are dubbed the Nighttime Headsman, the Forsaken, the Lingering Shadow, and two pairs known equally the Abyssal Knights and the Slayers of Men.

2002: The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game):

Black Riders form a threat in the Shire-stages of the game, where they demand to be avoided past the role player (in the persona of Frodo Baggins), and as the finish dominate for the game (in the persona of Aragorn). They are alpine and robed in black, and zilch is seen underneath.

2001-7: The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game:

The Nazgûl, other than the Witch-king, are given Neo-Quenya titles based on their numbers, and diverse English titles:

• Úlairë Attëa (from atta = 2); Blackness Predator, Keeper of Dol Guldur, Second of the Nine Riders, The Easterling.
• Úlairë Nelya (from neldë = three); Black Hunter, Lieutenant of Morgul, Third of the Ix Riders
• Úlairë Cantëa (from canta = 4); Black Assassin, Lieutenant of Dol Guldur, 4th of the Nine Riders
• Úlairë Lemenya (from lempe = v); Black Enemy, Lieutenant of Morgul, Fifth of the Ix Riders
• Úlairë Enquëa (from enquë = vi); Black Threat, Lieutenant of Morgul, Sixth of the Ix Riders
• Úlairë Ostëa [sic, later corrected to Úlairë Otsëa] (from otso = 7); Blackness Specter, Lieutenant of Morgul, 7th of the 9 Riders
• Úlairë Toldëa (from tolto = 8); Black Shadow, Messenger of Morgul, Eighth of the Nine Riders
• Úlairë Nertëa (from nertë = 9); Blackness Horseman, Messenger of Dol Guldur, Ninth of the Nine Riders.^{[25] [26]}

2004: The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Heart-earth:

The Mordor faction has 2 dissimilar Nazgûl units: "Witch-rex on Roughshod Creature" and "Nazgûl on Fell Beast". They are primarily used for scouting and surprise attacks.

2006: The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Centre-globe Two:

A new Ringwraith is introduced in the expansion pack, The Rise of the Witch-rex. Morgomir is the "Lieutenant of Carn-Dûm", the right-hand homo of the Witch-king, of Blackness Númenórean descent. The design is similar to that in Peter Jackson'southward films: he is hooded and cloaked when he works for the Mordor faction, and white and ghostly when he fights for Angmar.

2007: The Lord of the Rings Online:

The Nazgûl appear throughout the game. Three are Easterlings: "The Bane of Rhûn", "The Woe of Khand", and "The Cursed Passenger"; 3 are Haradrim: "The Grim Southron", "The High Magician of Harad", and "The Forsaken Reaver"; and 3 are of Númenórean origin: "The Black Bract of Lebennin", "The Gloom of Nurn", and the Witch-rex of Angmar. The Nazgûl are also given the Sindarin name "Gwatharan" (pl. "Gwetherain").

Early in the game one of the Ix wounds a Dúnedain ranger, Amdir, with a Morgul blade, who is later transformed into a Wraith himself, despite the best efforts of Gratis Peoples. Afterward, the actor attempts to resist the troubles the Nine are spreading in Bree-Country. During the Fellowship's stay in Lothlórien, the Galadhrim Elves launch a military strike against Dol Guldur, to draw the attention of the Eye from the company departing down the Shores of Anduin. During their travel down the waters of the Groovy River, Legolas shot and killed a roughshod shadow in the sky, not knowing it to be a Nazgûl. The histrion is later able to find the corpse of the fell beast in the Brown Lands and it becomes clear that a Nazgûl is non far. At night, the Wraith ambushes the player who manages to drive him away with the use of fire.

During the Boxing of the Pelennor, the Witch-king plays the role equally described in the books. The High Magician of Harad and the Woe of Khand guard the way to Gothmog in the raid instance "Throne of the Dread Terror", and the Forsaken Reaver is found at the finish of the "Quays of the Harlond example, in which he attempts to forbid Aragorn and his host from joining the boxing. The Gloom of Nurn confronts the players at the decision of "The Silent Street" instance, as he attempts to reclaim the crown of Eärnur among the tombs of Gondor's kings and stewards.

2009: The Lord of the Rings: Conquest:

In the Evil Campaign, the Eight Nazgûl bring the Witch-Male monarch back to life afterward Sauron reclaims the One Band.

2011: The Lord of the Rings: State of war in the N:

The Nazgûl appear in a flashback during the prologue of the game, in which they assault the Rangers at Sarn Ford, the entrance of the Shire. Later in the flashback their leader, the Witch-rex, speaks with Agandaûr.^[27]

2014: Middle-globe: Shadow of Mordor:

Although the Nazgûl do not announced in the game, they are mentioned many times.

2017: Middle-earth: Shadow of War:

The Nazgûl are featured in the game. Besides the Witch-king and Khamûl the other Nazgûl are:

• Helm Hammerhand, the rex of Rohan who fell into darkness afterwards receiving a Band of Power from Sauron and Celebrimbor, and in his rage he was turned into a Nazgûl.
• Talion, who succumbed into the power of the Ring.
• Isildur, whose body was found by Orcs. He was revived past Sauron after receiving a Ring of Power; he was eventually freed by Talion who took his identify amid the Nazgûl.
• Suladân, an original character, who was once a Númenórean king.
• The Nazgûl Sisters, also original characters, known every bit Riya and Yuka, who stole their Rings from the other Nazgûl and took their places.

[edit] See likewise

• Images of Nazgûl
• the Witch-rex of Angmar
• Khamûl

[edit] External links

• What is the History of the Nazgul? by Michael Martinez

Notes

1. ↑ Sauron captured the Rings of Power in the Sack of Eregion around this twelvemonth, and afterwards distributed the 9 Rings (cf. J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, Appendix B and J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), Unfinished Tales, "The History of Galadriel and Celeborn", "Concerning Galadriel and Celeborn").
2. ↑ The identity of the messenger is unknown. In fandom it has been proposed that he was the Oral cavity of Sauron. Michael Martinez considers more than possible that it was a Nazgûl .

References

1. ↑ ^{1.0 one.1} J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), The Silmarillion, "Akallabêth: The Downfall of Númenor"
2. ↑ ^{two.0 2.one} J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), Unfinished Tales, "The Chase for the Band", "(i) Of the Journeying of the Blackness Riders"
3. ↑ ^{iii.0 3.1} J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), The Silmarillion, "Of the Rings of Ability and the Third Age"
4. ↑ ^{4.0 iv.1} J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, Appendix B, "The Second Age"
5. ↑ ^{5.0 5.1 five.2 5.3 5.iv} J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, Appendix B, "The Third Age"
6. ↑ ^{half-dozen.0 six.1} J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, Appendix A, "The Númenorean Kings", "Gondor and the Heirs of Anárion"
7. ↑ J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, Appendix A, "The Númenorean Kings", "Gondor and the Heirs of Anárion", "The Stewards"
8. ↑ ^{viii.0 8.1 8.2 8.3} J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, The Fellowship of the Ring, "The Council of Elrond"
9. ↑ ^{9.0 9.one 9.two 9.3 9.4 9.v 9.six} J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, Appendix B, "The Great Years"
10. ↑ ^{x.0 x.one} J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), Unfinished Tales, "The Hunt for the Band"
11. ↑ J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, The Fellowship of the Ring, "Three is Company"
12. ↑ J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, The Fellowship of the Ring, "A Brusque Cut to Mushrooms"
13. ↑ ^{13.0 13.1} J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, The Fellowship of the Band, "Strider"
14. ↑ ^{fourteen.0 xiv.1} J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, The Fellowship of the Band, "A Knife in the Dark"
15. ↑ J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, The Fellowship of the Band, "Flight to the Ford"
16. ↑ J.R.R. Tolkien, "Words, Phrases and Passages in Various Tongues in The Lord of the Rings", in Parma Eldalamberon XVII (edited by Christopher Gilson), pp. 31, 79, 125
17. ↑ ^{17.0 17.1} J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, The Fellowship of the Ring, "The Shadow of the Past", p. 51
18. ↑ J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), The Peoples of Middle-earth, "5. The History of the Akallabêth", p. 153 (§30)
19. ↑ Helge Fauskanger, "English-Quenya Wordlist (Quettaparma Quenyanna)", Ardalambion (accessed 25 June 2011)
20. ↑ Ruth Southward. Noel, The Languages of Tolkien's Middle-earth
21. ↑ Michael Martinez, "What is the Literal Translation of Úlairi?" dated xv August 2014, middle-globe.xenite.org (accessed xvi August 2014)
22. ↑ J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), The Return of the Shadow, "The First Phase: Two. From Hobbiton to the Woody End"
23. ↑ Peter C. Fenlon, Jr. et al. (1987), Lords of Eye-world Vol II: The Mannish Races (#8003)
24. ↑ Jessica Ney (ed.; 1990), Angus McBride's Characters of Eye-world (#8007)
25. ↑ "Naming the Nazgul", Forum.Barrowdowns.com (accessed 31 July 2012)
26. ↑ "Lord Of The Rings (search function)", Trade Cards Online (accessed 31 July 2012)
27. ↑ The Lord of the Rings: State of war in the North, Prologue

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